Intramolecular/unimolecular/single-chain FRET biosensors

Targets Composition Name Lab PubMed Year
Ca++
Ca++ BGFP-CaM_binding sequence-RGFP FIP-CB Persechini 9148946 1997
Ca++ CFP-Calmodulin-M13-YFP cameleon Tsien 9278050 1997
Other calcium sensors are reviewed by Miyawaki and Niino 26000848 2015
Cl-, Mg++, M+, Pi
Cl- CFP-linker-YFP Clomeleon Augustine 11055428 2000
Mg++ Cerulean-HsCen2-Citrine MagFRET Merkx 24312622 2013
Mg++ ECFP-CorA-CD-Venus MARIO Nagai 29358072 2018
K+ ECFP-BON-LysM-cpVenus GEPIIs Malli 24312622 2017
Pi ECFP-PiBP-Venus FLIPPi Frommer 17034793 2006
Pi ECFP-PiBP-cp173Venus cpFLIPPi-6.4m Garcia 26484766 2015
Transition and heavy metals
Zn++ Cerulean-Atox1-WD4-Citrine eCALWY Merkx 19718032 2009
Zn++ mOrrange-Atox1-WD4-mCherry redCALWY-4 Merkx 23962156 2013
Zn++ CFP-Zap1-EYFP ZapCY Palmer 21502528 2011
Zn++ mOrange-Zap1-mCherry ZapOC2 Palmer 23173058 2012
Zn++ Clover-Zap1-mRuby ZapCmR Palmer 23173058 2012
Zn++ tSappire-Zap1-mKO ZapSM Palmer 23173058 2012
Zn++ tSapphire-Zap1-TagRFP ZapSR Palmer 23173058 2012
Zn++ mOrange-Zap1-mKATE ZapOK Palmer 23173058 2012
Zn++ CFP_H206/C208-linker-EYFP_H206/C208 eZinCh-2 Merkx 26151333 2015
Cu+ CFP-Cupper_binding_domain-YFP Amt1-FRET He 20131768 2010
Other ion sensors are reviewed by Hao, Zhu, and Chen 29275290 2015
Proteases
Factor Xa RSGFP-Factor Xa cleavage site-BFP RSGFP4-BFP5 fusion protein Youvan 8707050 1996
Caspase3 EGFP-DEVD-EBFP EGFP-DEVD-EBFP Luo 9518501 1998
Caspase3 CFP-DEVD-YFP CFP-DEVD-YFP Tavare 11256610 2000
Caspase3 EYFP-DEVD-EGFP EYFP-DEVD-EGFP Bastiaens 11175733 2001
Caspase8 YFP-Bid-CFP CFP-c3-YFP-c6-mRFP Taira 12409609 2002
Caspase3 BFP-DEVD-GFP BFP-DEVD-GFP Prehn 11964393 2002
Caspase3, 9 ECFP-cleavage site (DEVD or VEID) -Venus SCAT3, 9 Miura 12527749 2003
Caspase3, 6 CFP-SGDEVD-YFP-RSRAQASVEID-mRFP CFP-c3-YFP-c6-mRFP He 16683263 2006
Caspase3 mCitrine-DEVD-mTFP1 Caspase3 biosensor Campbell 18425137 2008
Caspase3 mAmetrine-DEVD-tdTomato Caspase3 biosensor Campbell 18425137 2008
Caspases ECFP-cleavage site-Venus IC, EC, EDVDG-RP Sorger 18406323 2008
Caspase3 mKate2/eqFP650-DEVD-iRFP caspase3 sensors Lukyanov 26842350 2016
Caspase3 miRFP670nano-DEVD-miRFP720 caspase-3 activity reporter Verkhusha 30655515 2019
MMP activity Igk-Chain-YFP-MSS-CFP-TM (PDGFR) YFP-MSS-CFPdisplay Luo 17187878 2007
MMP activity 6His-YFP-MSS-CFP YFP-MSS-CFPdisplay Luo 17187878 2007
MT1-MMP YPet-[MMP substrate]-CFP MT1-MMP FRET biosensor Wang 18441011 2008
MT1-MMP mCherry-MT1-[MMP substrate]-mOrange2 MT1-MMP FRET biosensor Wang 20197470 2010
MMP-9 Signal peptide-Venus-linker-Venus-[MMP9 substrate]-linker- mTFP1-PDGFR MMP-9 activity biosensor Wlodarczyk 24290700 2013
m-caplain activity EYFP-mCalpain cleavage site-ECFP-PDZ1-1 targeting seq YSCS Edelman 10688895 2000
ADAM17 TGFα-YPet-TNFα cleavage site-ECFP-PDGFR TSen Liu 25714465 2015
Granzyme B ECFP-VGDPFGR-Venus GzmB reporter Mitchison 23576740 2016
Neutrophil elastase CFP-NE cleavage site-YFP NE-specific protein sensor Richter 26858995 2016
Necroptosis
Necroptosis YPet-MLKL-ECFP SMART Nakano 30367066 2018
Tyrosine kinases, substrate phosphorylation
EGFR CFP-SH2 (Shc)-substrate (synthetic)-YFP EGFR-indicator Tsien 11752449 2001
EGFR EGFR-CFP-PTB (Shc)-YFP FLAME Basitiaens 15215236 2004
EGFR α-helix-YFP-CrkII-CFP Picchu-Z Matsuda 15922734 2005
PDGFR CFP-SH2 (Nck)-PDGFR_Tyr751-YFP PDGFR biosensor Wang 28487538 2017
Insulin receptor CFP-substrate (IRS1)-SH2 (p85)-YFP Phocus Umezawa 11875431 2002
EphA4 receptor ECFP-SH2 (Src)-substrate-YPet EphA4 biosensor Wang 30608127 2019
Abl, EGFR YFP-CrkII-CFP Picchu Matsuda 11406630 2001
Abl, EGFR YPet-CrkII-EV-SECFP PicchuEV Matsuda 21976697 2011
Abl, EGFR CFP-CrkII-YFP Abl indicator Tsien 11752449 2001
Abl Venus-CrkL-ECFP Pickles Ohba 20670950 2010
BCR-ABL m1Venus-CrkL-cp173ECFP Pickles 2.34 Ohba 27928132 2017
Src TM (Cbp)-YFP-substrate (Cbp)-SH2 (Csk)-CFP Chimera Okada 11880369 2003
Src CFP-SH2 (Src)- substrate (synthetic)-YFP Src indicator Tsien 11752449 2001
Src CFP-SH2 (Src)- substrate (synthetic)-YFP Src reporter Wang 15846350 2005
Src sfGFP-SH2 (Src)- substrate (synthetic)-mTagBFP BG Src biosensor Zhang 23517824 2013
SYK, ZAP70 ECFP-SH2 (SYK)- linker -substrate-YPet SYK biosensor Zhu 25541586 2011
ZAP70 mCFP-SH2 (Grb2)- linker -substrate-YPet ROZA-XL Lellouch 25735979 2015
Tyrosine kinases, conformational change
FAK CFP-FERM-Citrine-kinase-FAT CYFAK413 Schaller 17967873 2008
FAK YFP-FERM-CFP-KD-FAT FERM-sensor Bunt 19208768 2009
FAK mCitrineFERM-TEV-protease site-ER/K-linke-mCerulean-kinase and FAT domains SPASM sensor Sivaramakrishnan 23393139 2009
Lck SH3-ECFP-SH2-kinase-EYFP CLckY-2 Stockinger H 19201869 2009
Serine/threonine kinases, substrate phosphorylation
AGC family
PKA GFP-KID (PKA)-BFP ART Hagiwara 10700148 2000
PKA CFP-[14-3-3]-substrate (synthetic)-YFP AKAR Tsien 11752448 2001
PKA Cerulean-FHA1-substrate-cp173Venus AKAR4 Zhang 20838685 2011
PKA YPet-FHA1-EV-substrate-ECFP AKAR3-EV Matsuda 21976697 2011
PKA GFP-FHA1-substrate-sReach-MTBD tAKARα Zhong 30100256 2018
PKA miRFP670nano-FHA1-EV-substrate-miRFP720 NIR biosensor Verkhusha 30655515 2019
S6K YPet-FHA1-EV-substrate-Turquoise Eevee-S6K Matsuda 21976697 2011
RSK YPet-FHA1-EV-substrate-ECFP Eevee-RSK Matsuda 21976697 2011
Aurora B CFP-FHA2-substrate(Kif2 57-70)-YFP Aurora B sensor Kapoor 18463638 2008
Plk-1 CFP-FHA2-substrate(Myt1 421-432)-YFP Plk sensor Medema 18615013 2008
PKC CFP-FHA2 (Rad53P)-substrate(synthetic)-YFP CKAR Newton 12782683 2003
aPKC CFP-FHA2 (Rad53P)-substrate(AKLLGMTFMIRSSG)-YFP aCKAR Newton PMC6657501 2019
PKC YFP-PH and DEP (pleckstrin)-GFP KCP-2 Schultz 16390103 2006
PKC YFP-PH and DEP (pleckstrin)-GFP KCAP-1 Schultz 16390103 2006
PKC C1-YPet-FHA1-EV-substrate-ECFP Eevee-PKC Matsuda 21976697 2011
AKT/PKB CFP-[14-3-3]-substrate-YFP Aktus Umezawa 12773546 2003
AKT/PKB CFP-FHA2-substrate-YFP BKAR Newton 15583002 2005
AKT/PKB PH-YPet-FHA1-EV-substrate-ECFP Eevee-Akt Matsuda 21976697 2011
AKT/PKB PH-YPet-FHA1-EV-substrate-ECFP Eevee-iAkt Aoki 24212374 2014
Rho kinase/ROCK YPet-FHA1-EV-substrate-ECFP Eevee-ROCK Matsuda 27885213 2016
CMGC family
ERK CFP-FHA2-substrate-YFP-domain Erkus Umezawa 17261026 2007
ERK mRFP-WW-Long linker-substrate-EGFP EKAR Sbovoda 19033456 2008
ERK YPet-WW-EV-substrate-ECFP EKAREV Matsuda 21976697 2011
ERK mTurquoise-WW-EV-substrate- cp175Venus-Venus EKAREV-TVV Bodart 24434874 2014
ERK mTFP1cp227-WW-substrate- cp173Venus-Venus EKAR 2G1 Jeon 30042437 2018
ERK YPet-WW-EV linker-substrate-ECFP EKARrEV Matsuda 34667080 2022
ERK YPet-WW-EV linker-substrate- Turquoise2 EKAREN5 Snippert 33795873 2021
C.elegans MPK-1 YPet-WW-[c-jun]-SECFP ERKy Saito 23074267 2012
Arabidopsis MAPK (MPK3/MPK6) YPet-WW-EV-MKP-TurqGL SOMA Krysan 30444549 2019
JNK ECFP-FHA1-JDP2-JDP2delta-Citrine JNKAR1 Zhang 20212108 2010
JNK YPet-FHA1-EV-JDP2-JDP2delta-ECFP JNKAR1EV Matsuda 21976697 2011
JNK miRFP670nano--FHA1-EV-JDP2-JDP2delta-miRFP720 NIR biosensor Verkhusha 30655515 2019
p38 YPet-WW-substrate-SECFP PerKy-38 Saito 26399197 2015
Cdk1 YPet-polo box-substrate-mCerulean Cdk1/PP1 Biosensor Pines 20412769 2010
Cdk1 YPet-WW-EV-substrate-ECFP Cdk1-EV FRET biosensor Yang BioRxiv 2021
STE family
SAP3K YFP-FHA1-MKK6_DN-DVD_domain-CFP SAP3K reporter Saito 19737916 2009
CAMK family
MLCK, Rho kinase CFP-Myosin light chain-YFP CRCit Iino 19033456 2005
AMPK ECFP-FHA1-substrate-cp173Venus AMPKAR Cantley 21459332 2011
AMPK Cerulean-FHA1-substrate-cp173Venus ABKAR Zhang 25788287 2015
AMPK mTurquoise2-FHA1-substrate-cp173Venus T2-AMPKAR Sardini 27548185 2016
AMPK YPet-FHA1-EV-substrate-ECFP AMPKAR-EV Matsuda 29186696 2017
Sucrose-non-fermenting-1-related protein kinase-2s (SnRK2s) YPet-[14-3-3]-EV-AKS1-TurqGL SNACS Schroeder 32463362 2020
PKD CFP-FHA2-substrate-YFP DKAR Newton 17189263 2007
TKL
Tak1 YPet-FHA1-EV-substrate-ECFP Eevee-Tak1 Matsuda 26931406 2016
CK1
CK1 YPet-FHA1-EV-substrate-ECFP CK1-specific FRET biosensor Suter 29222110 2018
Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase-related kinases (PIKKs)
ATM YFP-Chk2_substrate-FHA1-CFP ATM reporter Hunter 17428747 2007
mTORC1 mCerulean-4EBP1-YPet TORCAR Zhang 25772363 2015
Serine/threonine kinases, conformational change
AKT/PKB GFP-AKT-YFPdark GFP-AKT-YFP Larijani 12662152 2003
AKT/PKB PH (Akt)-YFP-AKT-CFP Akind Matsuda 17079732 2007
PKCdelta CFP-PKC-YFP CY-PKCdelta Blumberg 15611119 2005
c-Raf YFP-cRaf-CFP Prin-cRaf Matsuda 15711535 2005
B-Raf YFP-BRaf-CFP Prin-Braf Matsuda 16858395 2006
ERK YFP-ERK-CFP Miu2 Matsuda 16418172 2006
MLCK MLCK-GFP-BFP MLCK-FIP Chisholm 11815633 2002
MLCK MLCK-CFP-YFP MLCK-FIP Chew 20067998 2010
CAMK2α YFP-Camk2α-CFP Camuiα Hayashi 20067998 2005
CAMK2α Clover-Camk2a-mRuby Camuiα Lin 22961245 2012
CAMK2α dimVenus-Camk2α-mEGFP Green-Camuiα Yasuda 22961245 2016
CAMK2α mTurquoise-Camk2α-Venus Camk2α(314)-F40 Schultz 20067998 2011
CAMK2α mTurquoise-Camk2α-Venus Camk2α-F63 Schultz 20067998 2011
DAPK1 mTurquoise-DAPK1-Venus DAPK1(334)-F40 Schultz 20067998 2011
Aurora kinase A GFP-AURKA-mCherry AURKA biosensor Tramier 27624869 2016
Serine/threonine phosphatases, substrate type
Calcineurin (PP2B) CFP-NFAT-Venus CaNAR1 Zhang 18493642 2008
CDC25/Plk1 mTurquoise-FHA2-Cdc25-YPet Cdc25C-S75 biosensor Gavet 26254922 2016
Histon methylation
Histon H3-K9, K27 CFP-Chromodomain-histonH3-YFP K9, K27 reporter Ting 15137760 2004
Histon H4-K5, K8 Venus-BRDT bromodomain-linker-HistoneH4-CFP Histac Yoshida 19805290 2009
Histon H4-K12 Venus-BRD4_bromodomain-linker-Histone_H4-CFP Histac-K12 Yoshida 21513886 2012
Histon H3-K9, K14 Venus-BRD4_bromodomain-linker-Histone_H3-ECFP Histac-H3K9/K14 Yoshida 25946208 2016
Small GTPases
Ras family
Ras, Rap1 YFP-Ras-Raf-CFP Raichu-Ras, Rap1 Matsuda 11429608 2001
Ras YPet-Ras-EV-Raf-TurquoiseGL RaichuEV-Ras Matsuda 21976697 2011
Ras, Rap1 RasRBD (Byr2)-Cerulean3-Venus-HRas DORA-Ras Mayer 25043303 2015
Ral YFP-Ral-RalBP1-CFP Raichu-RalA, RalB Matsuda 15034142 2004
RRas YFP-Rras-RalGDS-CFP Raichu-RRas Matsuda 17344481 2007
Rho family
RhoA YFP-PKN-RhoA-CFP Raichu-RhoA Matsuda 12860967 2003
RhoA YFP-Rhotekin-CFP Raichu-RBD Matsuda 12860967 2003
RhoA rhotekin-CFP-YFP-RhoA RhoA1G Hahn 16547516 2006
RhoA mTFP-rhotekin-cp175-Venus-RhoA RhoA2G Pertz #40176 2013
RhoA RhoA-CFP-YFP-PKN DORA-RhoA Goedhart 26435194 2015
RhoA mCer-cp49Venus-RhoA GDI.RhoA FLARE Hahn 27501396 2016
RhoB/RhoC RBD (PKD)-mVenus-Cerulean3-RhoB/C RhoB/C biosensor Hordijk 27147504 2016
Rac1 YFP-PAK-Rac1-CFP Raichu-Rac1 Matsuda 12192056 2002
Rac, Cdc42 YFP-PAK-CFP Raichu-CRIB Matsuda 12192056 2002
Rac1 cp227-mTFP-Pak1-cp229-Venus-Rac1 Rac1-2G Pertz #66110 2015
Rac1 miRFP720-PBD-miRFP670-Rac1 NIR Rac1 biosensor Hodgson 29686359 2018
Rac1 mCer-cp49Venus-Rac1 GDI.Rac1 FLARE Hahn 27501396 2016
Cdc42 YFP-PAK-Cdc42-CFP Raichu-Cdc42 Matsuda 12192056 2002
Rac, Cdc42 YPet-PAK-Rac1/Cdc42-CFP Raichu-Rac Wang 18799748 2008
Rac, Cdc42 YPet-PAK-EV-Rac1-CFP Raichu-Rac Matsuda 21976697 2011
Cdc42 Cdc42-YFP-GBD-ACV-CFP GEF sensor Rosen 12680752 2003
N-WASP/Cdc42 CFP-N-WASP-YFP N-WASP-BS Condeelis 15084285 2004
Cdc42 cp227-mTFP-WASP-cp173-Venus-Cdc42 Cdc42-2G Pertz #68814 2015
Cdc42 mCer-PAK_PBD-cp229Venus-Cdc42 Cdc42 biosensor Hodgson 4798463 2014
Cdc42 mCer-cp49Venus-Cdc42 GDI.Cdc42 FLARE Hahn 27501396 2016
TC10 YFP-POSH-TC10-CFP Raichu-TC10 Matsuda 16950130 2006
Rab family
Rab5 YFP-EEA1-CFP-Rab5 Raichu-Rab5 Matsuda 18385674 2008
Rab11 FIP3-cp195Venus-eCFP-Rab11 AS-Rab11 Hirsch 18385674 2018
Ran family
Ran YFP-Ran_binding_domain-CFP YRC probe Heald 11923538 2002
Plant
OsRac1 YFP-PAK-OsRac1-CFP Raichu-OsRac1 Shimamoto 30002723 2018
GPCR
Parathyroid hormone receptor PTHR-CFP-PTHR-YFP PTHR-cam Lohse 12808462 2003
Alpha(2A)-adrenergic receptor 2AAR-CFP-2AAR-YFP 2AAR-cam Lohse 12808462 2003
M1 muscarinic receptor M1R-YFP-M1R-CFP M1R-YFP-CFP Hille 19332618 2009
M1 muscarinic receptor M1R-ECFP-M1R-EYFPF46L M1-cam5 mAChR Challiss 22272263 2012
Serotonin receptor 5HT1b-CFP-5HT1b-YFP 5HT1b receptor sensor Chachisvilis 239522400 2012
Histamine H3 receptor H3R-YFP-H3R-CFP H3R FRET sensor Xu 29701013 2018
Cannabinoid CB1 receptor CB1-YFP-CB1-CFP CB1 receptor sensor Xu 29626639 2018
Other proteins
MyosinII His-GFP−S1dC (motor domain of MyosinII)−BFP chimaera Sutoh 9845076 1998
MyosinII His-BFP−S1dC−GFP chimaera Sutoh 9845076 1998
MyosinII YFP−myosin(motor domain)−CFP YFP-myosin-CFP Bagshaw 16939200 2006
MyosinII GFP−myosin(motor domain)−BFP GFP-myosin-BFP Bagshaw 16939200 2006
HIV Rev YFP-Rev peptide-CFP YRFnC-11ad Kobatake 16013840 2005
Presenilin (PS) GFP-PS1-RFP GFP-PS1-RFP Luo 19924286 2009
Plasma membrane Ca(2+) pump BFP-plasma membrane Ca2-pump-GFP BFP-PMCA-GFP Adamo 17901055 2007
Pin1 CFP-Pin1-cp195YFP CPinY Uchida 30262141 2018
Pyruvate kinase Citrine-Pyruvate kinae-Cerulean PKAR Satin S 24100037 2013
Pyruvate kinase Cerulean-1.3C-Citrine redox sensor Karp 25224640 2014
Glucokinase cp173mCer3-glucokinase-YFP FRET-GCK biosensor Rizzo 26698632 2016
Lipids
PIP3 CFP-PH (GRP)-YFP-membrane anchor Fllip/Pippi-PIP3 Umezawa 14528311 2003
PIP2 and PIP3 CFP-ActA-YFP-membrane anchor CAY Cicchetti 14967034 2004
PIP3, PI(3,4)P2 CFP-PH(Akt)-Pseudoligand-YFP InPAkt Zhang 16214892 2005
PI(4,5)P2 CFP-PH (GRP)-YFP-membrane anchor CYPHR Newton 12782683 2003
PI(4,5)P2 CFP-PH (PLCd)-YFP-membrane anchor Pippi-PI(4,5)P2 Matsuda 18685081 2008
PI(3,4)P2 CFP-PH (TAPP1)-YFP-membrane anchor Pippi-PI(3,4)P2 Matsuda 17079732 2007
IP3 CFP-IP3 receptor-YFP LIBRA Tojyo 15272011 2004
IP3 CFP-IP3 receptor-YFP fretino Umezawa 16053285 2005
IP3 CFP-IP3 receptor-YFP FIRE Mignery 16249182 2006
Diacylglycerol CFP-C1 (PKC)-YFP DAGR Newton 12782683 2003
Diacylglycerol CFP-CRD (PKC)-YFP-membrane anchor Daglas Umezawa 16990811 2006
Diacylglycerol CFP-CRD (PKC)-YFP-membrane anchor DIGDA Matsuda 18685081 2008
PI(4)P CFP-PH (GRP)-YFP-membrane anchor Pippi-PI(4)P Matsuda 18685081 2008
Phosphatidic acid CFP-PA binding doman-YFP-membrane anchor Pii Matsuda 20826779 2010
Steroids
Androgen CFP-androgen binding domain-coactivator-YFP ficaro Umezawa 16555356 2006
Estrogen/androgen CFP-estrogen or androgen receptor-YFP CEY, CAY Lannigan 15985367 2005
Retinoic Acid CFP-RAR-YFP GEPRAs Miyawaki 23563268 2013
Amino acids
Glutamate CFP-glutamate binding domain-YFP FLIPE Frommer 15939876 2005
Glutamate ECFP-glutamate binding domain-Citrine GluSnFR Tsien 18332427 2008
l-arginine ECFP-AncQ-Venus cpFLIPR Jackson 26061224 2015
Citrate CFP-CitA-Venus CitA Zamboni 3229521 2011
Citrate CFP-LAOBP-YFP FLIPK Ahmad 27334743 2016
Sugars
Sugar CFP-sugar binding domain-YFP nanosensors Frommer 15667328 2005
Sucrose ECFP-AtThuE -EYFP FLIPsuc Frommer 16912038 2006
Glucose MglB(1-12)-ECFP-MglB (13-304)-linker-Citrine FLII12Pglu Frommer 18177733 2007
Glucose MglB(1-12)-mTurquoise2-linker-MglB (13-304)-linker-Venus FLII12Pglu600μ-no.2 Fitter 29979038 2018
Maltose ECFP-MBP-EYFP FLIPmal Frommer 12097642 2002
Ribose ECFP-ribose binding protein-EYFP FLIPrib Frommer 14550551 2003
Lactate mTFP-LidR-Venus Laconic Barros 23469056 2013
N-(3-oxo-hexanoyl)-l-homoserine lactone CFP-LuxR-YFP 3OC6HSL sensor Ye 24057941 2014
Sucrose, Trehalose ECFP-AtThuE-mVenus FLIPsuc90μΔ1-Venus Kikawada 26214383 2015
Glucose ECFP-MglB-Venus glucose sensor Zamboni 25988853 2015
Pyruvate ECFP-pyruvate_dehydrogenase_repressor-Venus pyruvate sensor Zamboni 25988853 2015
Nucleotides
cGMP
cGMP YFP-PKG-CFP CGY Umezawa 11140757 2000
cGMP CFP-GKI-YFP cygnet Dostmann 11226257 2001
cGMP YFP-phosphodiesterase-CFP pGES-DE2 Lohse 16369548 2006
cGMP T-Sapphire-PDE5-dimer2_RFP red cGES-DE5 Oka 19551140 2009
cGMP cp173Venus-GKIB-ECFP PKG #7 Horikawa 27232891 2016
cAMP
cAMP CFP-Epac-YFP CFP-Epac-YFP Jalink 15550931 2004
cAMP CFP-Epac-YFP ICUE Zhang 15545605 2004
cAMP CFP-Epac-YFP Epac2-camps Lohse 15231839 2004
cAMP YFP-HCN2-CFP HCN2-camps Engelhardt 17038640 2006
cAMP ECFP-Epac-Citrine Epac2-camps300-Cit Vincent 20427672 2010
cAMP mTurquoise-Epac-tdcp173Venus TEpacVV Jalink 21559477 2011
cAMP mTurquoise2-Epac-cp174Citrine Epac-SH150 Castro 24302895 2013
cAMP mTurquoise2ƒ’-Epac-tdcp173Venus Epac-SH187 Jalink 25875503 2015
cAMP mTurquoise2ƒ’-Epac-tdcp173DarkVenus Epac-SH159 Jalink 25875503 2015
cAMP ECFP-cAMP_binding_domain-YFP cAMP FRET sensor Parent 19808889 2009
cAMP citrine-mlCNBD-Cerulean mlCNBD-FRET Kaupp 27003291 2016
cAMP cp173Venus-RIƒΏ-ECFP PKA RIa #7 Horikawa 27232891 2016
cAMP CNBD-YFP-CNBD-CFP Cutie Zaccolo 28425435 2017
ATP
ATP msECFP-eSubunit(bacterial FoF1-ATP synthase)-Venus ATeam Noji 19720993 2009
ATP mKO-eSubunit(bacterial FoF1-ATP synthase)-cp173mGFP GO-ATeam Noji 21488691 2009
Other small molecules
NADP+ YFP-ketopantoate reductase-CFP NADPsor Ye 26524720 2016
Thiamine ECFP-thiamine_binding_protein_TbpA-Venus thiamine sensor Zamboni 25988853 2015
Heme ECFP-IsdX_linker_NEAT-IsdC_NEAT-EYFP CISDY-9 Chen 25860383 2015
Bile acid Cerulean-FXR_LBD-linker-citrine-LXXLL BAS van de Graaf 22899095 2015
Furanosyl borate diester CFP-LuxP (BAI-2 receptor)-YFP CLPY Sayre 17352493 2007
Abscisic acid mTurquoise-PYR1-ΔNABI1-cp173Venus ABAleon Schroeder 24737861 2014
Abscisic acid edCerulean-PYR1-ABI1aid-edCitrine ABACUS Frommer 24737862 2014
Voltage
K+ channel Kv potassium channel-CFP-YFP VSFP1 Knoepfel 11454036 2001
Other voltage sensors are reviewed by Lin and Schnitzer 27571193 2016
Ionic strength
ionic strength mCerulean3-charged_α_helix-mCitrine ionic strength sensors Boersma 28853549 2017
Tension sensors
Tension mTFP-elastic linker-Venus TSMod Schwartz 20613844 2010
Tension Clover-elastic linker-mRuby2 new TSMod Hoffman 30024378 2018
Tension Venus-spectrin_repeat-mCerulean sstFRET Sachs 21172803 2011
Tension YPet-ferredoxin_like_linker_peptide-mCherry FL-TSM Grashoff 28945706 2017
Vinculin Head-YFP-Vinculin-CFP vinculin activation biosensor Craig 15883197 2005
Vinculin Head-Venus-Tail-CFP vinculin conformation-sensitive FRET probes Gunst 24338477 2014
Vinculin Vh-mTFP-elastic linker-Venus-Vt VisTS Schwartz 20613844 2010
Desmoplakin Desmoplakin-mTFP-elastic linker-Venus-Desmoplakin DSG-2 tension sensor Conway 29949915 2018
Actinin actinin-Venus-spectrin_repeat-mCerulean-actinin sstFRET Sachs 21172803 2011
Actinin actinin-EGFP-spidersilk_protein-mCherry-actinin ActTS-GR Michiue 27335157 2016
Talin Talin head-EGFP-nanospring-tagRFP-Talin rod Talin-TS Schwartz 27161398 2016
Redox
REDOX Cerulean-Yap1 c-CRD-Citrine Redoxfluor Sakai 20498274 2010
REDOX ECFP-RL7-EYFP redox biosensor Gaskins 21606117 2011
pH
pH CFP-YFP CFP-YFP Schaefer 15173182 2004
pH ECFP-EYFP pHlameleon Wouters 19007185 2008
pH EcFbFP-YFP FluBpH Drepper 28501596 2017
pH EYFP-mTurquoise2 pH-Lemon Malli 30864782 2019
Gas
Oxygen YFP-FbFP FluBO Büchs 22439625 2012
Oxygen ECFP-VHL-HIF-1α-YPet ProCY Ai 27385075 2016
Hydrogen Sulfide cpsGFP-EBFP2 hsFRET Ai 31083907 2019
Molecular crowding
Crowding mCerulean3-α_helix-linker-α_helix-mCitrine Crowding sensor GE Poolman 25643150 2015
Protein crowding CFP-GGSGGT-YFP1G GimRET Watanabe 26956628 2016